Table 5. VIF values of the inner and outer models of the PLS-SEM with dummy variables

Domain	Construct	Inner model	Outer model
Prerequisite program	Workplace management	1.43	1.02~1.19
	Manufacturing facility management	1.21	1.00~1.09
	Sanitation management	1.43	1.02~1.07
	Storage and transportation management	1.33	1.02~1.09
	Inspection management	1.20	–
	Recall management	1.11	1.00
HACCP management	HACCP team organization	1.19	1.01
	Product description and flow diagram	1.20	1.03
	Hazard analysis	1.14	1.00
	Establishment of critical limits	1.16	–
	Monitoring and corrective actions	1.26	1.03~1.08
	System verification	1.21	1.01
	Education and training	1.12	1.00
Firm characteristics	Revenue	1.75	–
	Production volume	1.80	–
	Business tenure	1.04	–
	Workforce	1.20	–
	Region	1.01	–

Note: Owing to space limitations, only the minimum–maximum range of the outer-model VIF values is presented for each construct.